Endometriosis is a common but frequently misunderstood illness in which tissue comparable to the uterine lining develops outside the uterus. According to the World Health Organization, it affects about 10% of women of reproductive age around the world. It occurs when tissue identical to the uterine lining develops outside the uterus. The growth can cause severe pelvic pain, infertility, and other health problems.
Many women with endometriosis worry about whether it can increase their risk of cancer. But can endometriosis cause cancer?
Can Endometriosis Turn Into Cancer?
Endometriosis can cause ovarian cysts, known as endometriomas. These cysts are filled with old blood and can cause discomfort, especially during menstruation. It is a benign condition, meaning it is not cancerous. However, in rare cases, endometriosis cells can develop cancerous changes over time. The most common concern is endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC), particularly clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid ovarian cancer.
According to studies, those with long-term, untreated endometriosis may be at a slightly greater risk of acquiring ovarian cancer. However, it is important to note that the majority of people with endometriosis do not get cancer. Endometriosis seldom turns into cancer.
Does Bowel Endometriosis Cause Cancer in Some Cases?
Bowel endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like tissue forms on or within the intestines. The condition can cause symptoms like bloating, constipation, diarrhea, or even pain during bowel movements.
A major concern is whether bowel endometriosis can cause cancer. While chronic inflammation in the intestines can increase the risk of some digestive disorders, research has not found a direct link between bowel endometriosis and colorectal cancer. However, any persistent bowel symptoms should be checked by a doctor to rule out any other conditions.
How Endometriosis Might Lead to Cancer Risks?
Although endometriosis itself does not cause cancer, there are a few reasons why it may be linked to an increased risk:
- Chronic inflammation can damage cells over time, which may increase the risk of abnormal cell growth.
- Hormonal imbalances, especially high estrogen levels, play a role in both endometriosis and some hormone-sensitive cancers like ovarian and breast cancer.
- Genetic mutations found in endometriosis tissue are also present in certain cancers, though research is still ongoing.
- Oxidative stress can build up in affected tissues, leading to cellular damage, which is a key factor in cancer development.
What Are the Cancer Risks for People with Endometriosis?
Although rare, several types of cancer have been linked to endometriosis:
- Ovarian cancer is the most studied connection, particularly with endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma.
- Endometrial cancer has a slight increase in risk, though the link is not strong.
- Colorectal cancer has been found in some cases of bowel endometriosis, but a direct connection is not confirmed.
- Other rare cancers have been reported in very rare cases, where endometriosis tissue turned into sarcoma or other malignancies.
Is Cancer a Serious Concern for People with Endometriosis?
For most people, endometriosis does not turn into cancer. However, it is important to monitor symptoms and have regular check-ups to detect any potential risks early. Signs to watch for include:
- Persistent pelvic pain that worsens over time
- Rapidly growing or changing ovarian cysts
- Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
- Changes in bowel movements, especially if you have endometriosis
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
If you notice any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor for further evaluation.
How to Reduce Your Risk
Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent cancer, you can take steps to lower your risk:
- Regular medical check-ups help detect abnormalities early through routine gynecological exams and ultrasounds.
- Managing inflammation with an anti-inflammatory diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction may help control chronic inflammation.
- Hormonal therapy using birth control pills or other hormone-regulating treatments can reduce the risk of endometriosis-related complications.
- Surgical monitoring may be necessary for large or persistent ovarian cysts, as doctors sometimes recommend removal to lower cancer risk.
Managing Endometriosis: Focus on Health, Not Fear
Endometriosis isn’t just about pain—it’s a condition that needs ongoing care. While the cancer risk is low, chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances make regular check-ups important. Instead of fearing rare risks, focus on managing your health, getting proper treatment, and staying informed. Taking control of your well-being is the best way to stay ahead.